With the advances in medicine, Taiwan has resulted in an aging population and longer average life expectancy. As such, health promotion and chronic disease prevention have become important public health issues. In addition, chronic diseases like cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, and so on, are all among the top ten causes of death in Taiwan. Hence, the prevention of chronic disease has become a primary task for the government. If we can gain a more understanding of people’s lifestyles and health risk factors, find the causes of common diseases, and attempt to change lifestyle choices that affect people’s health, the health of our nation will improve, and the incidence of chronic disease may be ameliorated. By combining genetic and medical information, Taiwan Biobank intends to conduct large-scale cohort studies and case-control studies on local diseases. The cohort study will call for 200,000 volunteers, while the case-control study will invite 100,000 patients with the 10 to 15 most common diseases. These studies will enable Taiwan Biobank to identify the disease-causing factors and mechanisms of common diseases to facilitate the development of better treatment and prevention, reduce the cost of medical treatment and make it possible to achieve the goal of improving our nation’s health. Therefore, the establishment of Taiwan Biobank will not only help to identify disease-causing factors and mechanisms, but will also provide a huge resource for biomedical research, thus avoiding the difficulties encountered in the past in studying the relationship between genes and environmental factors.